Study Questions

• Preface

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  ___________ is a uniquely human system of habits and customs acquired by humans through exosomatic processes, carried by their society and used as their primary means of adapting to their environment.

  Reveal Answer

  Culture
  Page: xiii

  Short-Answer Questions

  According to the textbook, there are seven criteria for ancient civilizations. List them.

  Reveal Answer

  The seven criteria are urban centers, professions, elites, public wealth, canonical expressions of aesthetic achievement, creature comforts, and literacy.
  Page: xiv-“xvi

• Introduction

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  The _____ _______ began around 2.2 million and continued until approximately 10,000 BC. It was characterized by extreme changes in cold and warm weather across the globe.

  Reveal Answer

  Pleistocene Era or Ice Age
  Page: 2

  The invention of agriculture purportedly had a ________ effect on the status of women in societies of the ancient world.

  Reveal Answer

  negative
  Page: 3

  _________ and domestication of plants and animals enabled societies to develop into food producers as opposed to food gatherers.

  Reveal Answer

  Sedentism
  Page: 3

• Chapter 1

  Short-Answer Questions

  Why is the corporate success of households a fundamental requirement in state formation?

  Reveal Answer

  Households were sufficiently complex, with professions beyond farming to sustain themselves, meaning no one person, family, or profession was crucial to the survival of a community. A society with this corporate success was well-trained enough and had abundant enough resources for life to continue as new leaders were selected.
  Page: 22

  Why was manumission common in early civilizations?

  Reveal Answer

  Slavery was very common, and it was recognized that slaves would become more highly skilled, leading to more profits for their masters, if they were allowed to keep a small portion of their earnings, thus allowing them to purchase their eventual freedom.
  Page: 28

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  The invention of bronze tools around 3500 BC revolutionized farming, leading to large urban settlements around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers referred to as ________ civilizations.

  Reveal Answer

  hydraulic
  Page: 10

  Akkadian, the Semitic written language that became the international language of the ancient Near East, was based on a Sumerian script called ___________.

  Reveal Answer

  cuneiform
  Page: 19-20

  In Mesopotamia, warlords known as ________ began to emerge by 2700 BC. Competition and military rivalry among city-states gradually forced inhabitants to accept the hegemonial authority of these military leaders.

  Reveal Answer

  lugals
  Page: 13

  Sargon of Akkad extended trade lines from the Mediterranean in the west to the ______ and the ______ valleys in the east.

  Reveal Answer

  Indus; Oxus
  Page: 14

  _______ ______ represent the largest subfamily of the Afro-Asiatic family of languages spoken throughout the Middle East and northern Africa.

  Reveal Answer

  Semitic languages
  Page: 20

  The stele with the law code of Hammurabi shows one of the earliest examples of ____________-”a means of suggesting depth by representing an object at an angle.

  Reveal Answer

  foreshortening
  Page: 24

  Using the Hammurabi Law Code as a signpost for the status of women in antiquity, the role of women could be described as ________, though attitudes toward them could be described as __________.

  Reveal Answer

  parallel; patriarchal
  Page: 29

  Women of gifted intelligence could pursue intellectual careers, typically becoming ___________ or __________ of religious hymns.

  Reveal Answer

  poets; composers
  Page: 31

• Chapter 2

  Short-Answer Questions

  Why did the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC) culminate with the negotiated Treaty of Kadesh (1259 BC), even though Ramses II was the victor?

  Reveal Answer

  Ramses II suffered heavy losses to his army, but was able to proclaim victory despite the appearance of a tactical retreat. In view of his reduced circumstances, he negotiated a peace treaty with the Hittites.
  Page: 61

  Many dates for events in the Late Bronze Age come from Egyptian sources. Give two reasons why Egyptian written sources were preserved.

  Reveal Answer

  Stone construction meant that building surfaces were used for record-keeping. The arid climate preserved papyrus scrolls.
  Page: 40

  Describe the religious implications of Middle Kingdom pharaohs representing themselves as paternalistic, task-worn administrators.

  Reveal Answer

  Pharaohs were no longer viewed as divine entities walking the earth. Instructional texts of the era openly acknowledged the king’s fallibility and humanity, though the need to act in accordance with Ma’at remained implicit. The exclusivity of the pharaoh’s role in the afterlife likewise deteriorated, and the afterlife was now viewed as something attainable by the wider population.
  Page: 49-51

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  _________ assumed kingship of New Kingdom Egypt upon the demise of her husband and ruled in place of her stepson, even after he came of age. In her portraiture, she had herself depicted as a man.

  Reveal Answer

  Hatshepsut
  Page: 57

  __________ were religious complexes dedicated to the preservation of the cult of the deceased pharaoh during the Old Kingdom.

  Reveal Answer

  Mastabas
  Page: 48

  If the Hebrews migrated into Egypt during the Middle Bronze Age, this event most likely occurred with the movements of the ________, as recorded by the Egyptians during the ________ ________ Period.

  Reveal Answer

  Hyksos; Second Intermediate
  Page: 52-53

  In the Pre-Dynastic Era, independent, fortified communities developed in Upper and Lower Egypt. They corresponded with the ________, or administrative districts, that existed during periods of Egyptian unification.

  Reveal Answer

  nomes
  Page: 36

  The vast Sahara desert to the west; barren mountains to the east; narrow gorges, desert reaches, and complicated watersheds to the south; and the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea to the north kept Egypt isolated and __________ ____________, though the climate and topography worked to the advantage of a central hierarchy.

  Reveal Answer

  technologically backward
  Page: 36

  Two advancements the Hyksos introduced to Egypt when they infiltrated in the thirteenth century BC were _______ ______ and _________ _________.

  Reveal Answer

  technologically backward
  Page: 36

  The Eighteenth Dynasty ruler Amonhotep IV promoted the cult of a new deity-”_____ _______-”and changed his name to reflect his status as the earthly representative of this god.

  Reveal Answer

  the Aton
  Page: 58-59

• Chapter 3

  Short-Answer Questions

  Why did the Hittite state organization prove to be unstable?

  Reveal Answer

  There were two reasons for the instability of the Hittite state. First, it was inordinately dependent on locally powerful kings. The second was succession issues, characterized by dynastic in-fighting.
  Page: 71

  Why did the Hittite state organization prove to be unstable?

  Reveal Answer

  There were two reasons for the instability of the Hittite state. First, it was inordinately dependent on locally powerful kings. The second was succession issues, characterized by dynastic in-fighting.
  Page: 71

  Sea Peoples such as Peleset (Philistines), Aqaiwasha (Achaeans), and Lukka (Lycians) had what effect on Eastern Mediterranean civilizations?

  Reveal Answer

  The various Sea Peoples contributed to the collapse of Bronze Age Aegean civilization beginning ca. 1220 BC.
  Page: 76

  What was Homer referring to when he spoke of the “King among Kings”?

  Reveal Answer

  Homer was referring to the Mycenaean wanax, who enjoyed heightened status among the Mycenaean warrior bands. Each band was led by a basileus (“king”) who would defer to the royal line or ruling house in times of emergency. The wanax was usually at pains to preserve this status once the emergency expired, leading to regime instability.
  Page: 67

  Sir Arthur Evans found what evidence at Minoan Crete to support the theory that ancient Greece was the product of Near Eastern cultural diffusion?

  Reveal Answer

  At the presumed site of Knossos, he uncovered Minoan remains which predate the arrival of the Mycenaeans in Greece. Notably, the style of architecture was Near Eastern. Finally, the written Linear A script found there is not Indo-European, as opposed to the Mycenaean Linear B tablets.
  Page: 65

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  The record of “Alaksandus of Wilusa” around 1280 BC in the Hittite archives is believed by many to refer to the Homeric hero _____ ______ _______.

  Reveal Answer

  Paris (Alexander) of Troy
  Page: 76

  A brilliant linguist who loved the works of Homer, _____ ______ was utterly convinced that these preserved a record of genuine historical events. His excavations revealed the existence of rich prehistoric societies that clearly predated those of Classical Greece.

  Reveal Answer

  Heinrich Schliemann
  Page: 64

  The central control of production, storage, and maritime distribution by Minoan kings is referred to as a __________ economy.

  Reveal Answer

  palace-based
  Page: 67

  The Hittites negotiated the Treaty of Kadesh with the ____________, which resolved __________ _________, freeing the two powers to address other concerns.

  Reveal Answer

  Egyptians; border disputes
  Page: 72

  Gift-giving amongst elites in the Late Bronze Age Near East served to confirm the _______ of the gift-giver and induce ___________.

  Reveal Answer

  status; reciprocity
  Page: 74

  The Habiru are depicted as mercenaries and bandits in military annals, but their main threat to Late Bronze Age civilizations was encouraging _________ _______, which destabilized the economy and social order.

  Reveal Answer

  peasant flight
  Page: 78

• Chapter 4

  Short-Answer Questions

  What does “the eyes and ears of the king” refer to?

  Reveal Answer

  This is the term for the roving inspectors instituted by Darius I in Persia to audit the accounts of satraps and to interrogate their staff.
  Page: 96

  Cosmic dualism, the struggle between Ahura Mazda and Ahriman, is the central principle of which religious system? Where did it develop and why?

  Reveal Answer

  Cosmic dualism is a defining feature of the Zoroastrian religion, which developed in the Persian Empire. It provided a salient bond to the Iranian hegemony.
  Page: 99-100

  What was the greatest contribution of the Phoenicians in the Iron Age?

  Reveal Answer

  The reconstruction of maritime trade routes was regarded as the greatest contribution, as it connected raw natural resources in the western Mediterranean to finished goods generated by artisans in Phoenician cities. This reconstruction was made possible by their improved ship-building technology.
  Page: 87

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  ___ ___________ were important to the growth of western culture because of their contributions to trade and commerce, Mediterranean navigation and exploration, the alphabet, and the founding of Carthage.

  Reveal Answer

  The Phoenicians
  Page: 87-“88

  The ___________ Empire was infamous for its harsh treatment of subject peoples, including city-razings and mass deportations of rebellious towns, as displayed in reliefs.

  Reveal Answer

  Assyrian
  Page: 91

  In order to have a system of checks and balances in the provinces, Persian rulers instated civilian and military governors known as _________, whose spheres of influence purposely overlapped.

  Reveal Answer

  satraps
  Page: 96

  The collapse of Bronze Age trade routes restricted access to distant sources of copper and tin, compelling metallurgists to experiment with _____ ______.

  Reveal Answer

  iron ore
  Page: 86

  The _______ dynasty was responsible for the destruction of the Hebrew temple at Jerusalem and instigating the 50-year enslavement of the Israelite hierarchy.

  Reveal Answer

  Chaldean
  Page: 93

  The success of the Persian hierarchy, and indeed the Iranian hegemony, depended highly on its skill at ___________.

  Reveal Answer

  multiculturalism
  Page: 100

  Iran and the Indus were linked to the Tarim Basin through a patchwork of _______ groups that furnished chains of communication and intercultural exchange.

  Reveal Answer

  nomadic
  Page: 102

• Chapter 5

  Short-Answer Questions

  How was David of Judah able to challenge Saul’s authority as King of Israel?

  Reveal Answer

  In the face of losses to the Philistines, reluctant tribal leaders created a central hierarchy as a last resort, appointing Saul. As Saul’s military success diminished, his justification for kingship did as well, since there was no precedent for kingship in the Hebrew tradition.
  Page: 111

  How did reforming prophets articulate the principle of the dignity of humankind?

  Reveal Answer

  They addressed the problems incumbent to the emergence of subsistence agricultural society and demanded social reform. They framed the issues in terms of religion, specifically as a betrayal of the ancestral covenant with Yahweh, under which the citizens possessed inalienable rights.
  Page: 122

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  Pastoral societies in the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean coastal regions engaged in ___________. Typically herders rotated their animals between two or three points in a narrowly conscribed landscape (perhaps 150 km in extent) that combined highland summer pastures, lowland winter pastures, and springs, watering holes, or oases along the midland access routes.

  Reveal Answer

  transhumance
  Page: 115

  Monotheism, the primacy of the individual, the dignity of human kind, and a denial of the divine right of kings reflect developments in the_______ experience.

  Reveal Answer

  Hebrew
  Page: 121

  The Stele of Merneptah (ca. 1204 BC) is the earliest independent source for the existence of the ___________.

  Reveal Answer

  Israelites
  Page: 107

  According to tradition, Hebrew society during the Period of _________ was organized according to 12 tribes, 10 in the north and 2 in the south. Each tribe was ruled by tribal warlords called suffetes.

  Reveal Answer

  Judges
  Page: 109

  In ancient Israel, the ________ could not be trained or appointed; rather, they were divinely inspired (revelational) and, therefore, represented the ascendancy of the individual in pastoral society.

  Reveal Answer

  prophets
  Page: 116

  In ancient Israel, the ________ could not be trained or appointed; rather, they were divinely inspired (revelational) and, therefore, represented the ascendancy of the individual in pastoral society.

  Reveal Answer

  pastoralists
  Page: 116

  During the reigns of David and Solomon, numerous _________ artisans, merchants, and traders migrated to Jerusalem to fulfill skilled labor tasks and to fill voids in the emerging _________.

  Reveal Answer

  Phoenician; economy
  Page: 119

  King Ahab’s encouragement of Tyrian religious practices at Samaria incited a kingdom-wide rebellion instigated by the prophet ________.

  Reveal Answer

  Elijah
  Page: 113

• Chapter 6

  Short-Answer Questions

  What are the main environmental differences between the Indus Valley and the Ganges Valley?

  Reveal Answer

  The Indus was an arid desert, but had water resources from snowmelt in the Himalayas, springs, and annual monsoons from June to September. The Ganges was more dramatically affected by these same sources of water. It was therefore humid and lushly forested, making land clearance the biggest challenge to urban development.
  Page: 125

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  According to Buddhist philosophy, uncontrolled desire inevitably leads to suffering and pain, a condition called ___________.

  Reveal Answer

  dukkha
  Page: 136

  By the time of Alexander the Great’s invasion (328-“26 BC), the ___________ Empire had emerged on the Ganges. Dhana Nanda, its great emperor, allegedly commanded one million infantrymen, 300,000 cavalry, and 6,000 elephants.

  Reveal Answer

  Magadha
  Page: 138-39

  ________ was an Indian school of philosophy so concerned about the consequences of causing pain that its adherents drank only through nets and filters and carried brooms to sweep the ground, partly because they believed that it felt pain when they walked on it and partly to protect crawling insects from harm.

  Reveal Answer

  Jainism
  Page: 134-35

  __________ extended his empire to the southern tip of India and as far west as northern Iran. He established his supremacy through extreme ruthlessness and violence, and then converted to Buddhism. He retired from public life and devoted the remainder of his life to establishing Buddhist monasteries and shrines.

  Reveal Answer

  Ashoka
  Page: 139-40, 142

  Members of the ancient Indian priestly caste were known as _________________.

  Reveal Answer

  Brahmans
  Page: 129

  The grain storage silos, monastery, and bathing structures at the acropolis of the Bronze Age city of _______ ______ indicate hierarchical control of food supply, possibly by a body of priests.

  Reveal Answer

  Mohenjo Daro
  Page: 127

  The suddenness of the Indus Valley societal collapse around 1900 BC suggests the transpiring of a ___________ ___________.

  Reveal Answer

  cataclysmic event
  Page 127

  Though almost certainly existing in India by the sixth century BC, written Sanskrit remained the exclusive language of the ____________ ___________.

  Reveal Answer

  Brahman elite
  Page: 129

  Although the barren terrain and limited agricultural technology prohibited large agrarian-based polities in southern India, the Tamil rajahs there gained wealth through exploiting their maritime locations as a setting for __________ _______.

  Reveal Answer

  long-distance trade
  Page: 144

• Chapter 7

  Short-Answer Questions

  In a sentence, define the Spartan kleros.

  Reveal Answer

  The kleros was land allotted to Spartan warriors with attached helot families, who did the actual farming to sustain the warrior’s family and themselves.
  Page: 157

  What are some of the defining features of a Greek tyrant?

  Reveal Answer

  The Greek tyrant was a nonhereditary ruler who acquired power through unconstitutional means, usually with widespread support-”most typically the support of the hoplite phalanx. These rulers were the outcome of the common impetus toward colonization and warfare, and often encouraged urban development and the conversion of agricultural villages to outward-looking commercially active cities.
  Page: 155-56

  Explain the Greek tendencies of Particularism and Panhellenism.

  Reveal Answer

  Particularism embodies the notion of identity with one’s immediate community, usually delineated by its mountainous topography. Panhellenism refers to the tendencies that induced Greek communities to recognize their place in the wider Greek culture, for example, common language and cultural affinities such as those manifested by religious sanctuaries and festivals.
  Page: 150-52

  What was radical democracy, and how did it function in Athens?

  Reveal Answer

  Radical democracy was a pay-for-service system introduced by Pericles. Under it, the government paid Athenian citizens to participate in public affairs. This both allowed and encouraged poor, landless Athenian males (the thetes in particular) to participate in governing institutions such as the Ekklesia and the popular courts.
  Page: 161-62

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  ___________ fostered the rise of the Athenian polis by engaging in public building enterprises, and introducing the four drachma coin and highly polished ceramic fineware known as Attic Red Figure.

  Reveal Answer

  Peisistratus
  Page: 159

  _________ was the process of intellectual inquiry through reasoned debate. In its simplest form it was a means by which a teacher would direct a student to a rational outcome by posing questions intended to reveal this to the student through the logic of his or her own answers.

  Reveal Answer

  Dialectic
  Page: 176

  The Macedonian king responsible for unifying the scattered tribes of his country and for turning its army into a formidable fighting force was _________.
  Phillip II

  Reveal Answer

  Phillip II
  Page: 167-68

  After holding the office of general for 17 consecutive years in Athens, ________ died in the plague of 429 BC, at the outset of the Peloponnesian War.

  Reveal Answer

  Pericles
  Page: 161

  _________ were expensive call women who performed sexual favors but were equally trained in music, dance, and rhetoric.

  Reveal Answer

  Hetairai
  Page: 185-86

  ________ ________ was founded in 306 BC by one of Alexander the Great’s successors, a bodyguard who campaigned with him all the way to India and back. Its capital city, Alexandria, boasted a reported population of one million, the mausoleum of Alexander himself, and the great library.

  Reveal Answer

  Ptolemaic Egypt
  Page: 173

• Chapter 8

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  To recruit gentry scholars into the government, the ____ __________ successfully promoted principles of Confucianism as the entry requirements to the regime. The implementation of state-sponsored examinations guaranteed a steady stream of Confucian Chun tzu or educated gentlemen into the ranks of the imperial bureaucracy.

  Reveal Answer

  Han Dynasty
  Page: 210

  Living in close proximity to family and neighbors, the early farmers of China grew accustomed to a collective lifestyle in which group identity prevailed over individual autonomy. Family identity remained the basis of social organization throughout Chinese history, provoking the sociologist Max Weber to characterize China as a _________ _________.

  Reveal Answer

  familialistic state
  Page: 192

  The philosopher __________ believed humans needed to conduct their earthly affairs in accordance with Tao. To insure the safety of the Chinese people, for example, the emperor needed faithfully to observe the established ceremonies and to offer prescribed sacrifices in accordance with the law.

  Reveal Answer

  Confucius
  Page: 200

  Like Epicureanism, this Chinese philosophy’s “sageliness” demanded withdrawal from society and the abandonment of political ambition for a life devoted to the contemplation of __________.

  Reveal Answer

  Tao
  Page: 202

  The Shang Dynasty’s spiritual fall from grace required that the Zhou assume the responsibility for the religious safety of the Chinese people. By arguing this principle, the Zhou modified the concept of the _______ __ ________ to allow for the transference of religious authority to another morally worthy dynasty.

  Reveal Answer

  Mandate of Heaven
  Page: 197

  ________ _______ was a cruel and ruthless tyrant, determined to exploit the full laboring potential of the Chinese population in pursuit of his grandiose scheme for world domination. By relying on brute force and cold administrative efficiency, he successfully transformed China from a cluster of squabbling feudal states into a unified bureaucratic empire.

  Reveal Answer

  Qin Shih
  Page: 205

  During the Era of the _________ ________ (480-“222 BC), the number of polities in China fell from fourteen to one.

  Reveal Answer

  Warring States
  Page: 198

  According to the Chinese philosophy of _________, humans were inherently evil, corrupt, rebellious, disorderly, and undisciplined. The job of the king and his officials was to steer the flawed masses to correct behavior through the use of codified law, main force, and severe forms of punishment.

  Reveal Answer

  Legalism
  Page: 203

  In 97 AD, _________ _______, a commander of the “Western Protectorate” for the later or Eastern Han Dynasty, led a Chinese army of 70,000 men across the Pamir Mountains. This army advanced unopposed all the way to the shore of the Caspian Sea.

  Reveal Answer

  Pan Chao
  Page: 212

  The recording of __________ _________ on animal bones provides evidence of a fully developed writing system in China by 2000 BC.

  Reveal Answer

  oracular responses
  Page: 194

• Chapter 9

  Short-Answer Questions

  Define and explain the significance of the Roman acronym SPQR.

  Reveal Answer

  The acronym stands for Senatus Populusque Romani, meaning “the Senate and the People of Rome.” This acronym recognized the power-sharing relationship between the aristocratic authority of the Roman Senate (whose members served for life) and the popular will of Roman citizens as organized voters in the popular assembly. This form of government is characterized as “dual polity.”
  Page: 230

  What was the main reason for delayed political development in Italy?

  Reveal Answer

  Due to the greater carrying capacity of the Italian peninsula (60 per cent of which was arable, as opposed to 15 per cent in Greece), there were many different populations within close proximity to each other. Larger populations also resulted in larger armies, which created political situations which took longer to resolve.
  Page: 220

  Define sacrosanctitas as it applies to the plebeian tribunes.

  Reveal Answer

  Sacrosanctitas describes the inviolable or sacrosanctity of a person of the tribune, which gave them the religious authority to withstand the imperium of consuls. It stemmed from an oath plebeian soldiers swore during the Great Secession in 494 BC, under which they were bound to protect the representatives chosen to speak on their behalf. If a representative of the plebeian tribune was touched, all plebeians were to rush to their protection.
  Page: 227

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  The patriarchal family remained the basis of social organization in Rome throughout most of its history. In the archaic period all land was held in common and controlled by the eldest surviving male, known as the _________.

  Reveal Answer

  paterfamilias
  Page: 223

  The ___________ at Rome had no legally binding authority but ruled by virtue of its members’ auctoritas-”the sum total of their collective experience, wisdom, and influence. It concerned itself mainly with foreign affairs and finance.

  Reveal Answer

  Senate
  Page: 229-30

  __________ represented the temporary imposition of martial law at Rome. Appointed for six months, they held imperium both inside and outside the city, suspended all other elected magistracies, and ruled through appointed subordinates.

  Reveal Answer

  Dictators
  Page: 228

  __________ gave the consuls the right to command armies, the power to hold assemblies and to convene the Senate, and more broadly the royal power of life and death over everyone and everything in the army’s path.

  Reveal Answer

  Imperium
  Page: 226

  The _________ were early rulers of Rome and lent the Romans a number of cultural attributes, including urban planning, gladiatorial combat, and augury.

  Reveal Answer

  Etruscans
  Page: 220

  As part of the Roman patron/client relationship, senators and their constituents had relationships of mutual dependency, based on an exchange of _________.

  Reveal Answer

  favors
  Page: 231-32

• Chapter 10

  Short-Answer Questions

  How did the cursus honorum affect leadership in the Roman military?

  Reveal Answer

  The intense competition and winnowing effect of the cursus honorum insured all Roman generals displayed minimum competency as military commanders. They knew how to command, supply, and protect their armies in the field.
  Page: 245

  Name and describe the four types of relationships a state could have with Rome.

  Reveal Answer

  Latin allies were states recognized as having limited civic rights at Rome, including most Latin states, all Latin colonies, and other loyal states. Italian allies, or free states, had full local autonomy and treaty relations with Rome. Provinces were polities that had been absorbed into Roman imperium through conquest or succession from the protection of other territories. Client states were independent polities that enjoyed articles of friendship and supported Rome in most of its overseas conflict.
  Page: 249-50

  The Hellenizing style of the Prima Porta Augustus is a marked contrast to characteristic veristic portraits from the Republican period. What is the emphasis of this sculpture, and why?

  Reveal Answer

  The emphasis is on the emperor’s youthful charisma, showing Augustus eternally young and in his prime, a reflection of the fact that he was only 35 years old when he came to power. This became the standard for Roman representation.
  Page: 254

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  __________ waged war with Rome from 218-“201 BC by invading Italy with a mercenary army and destroying four Roman armies in his path. He was unable to break up the Roman Confederacy, however, and was ultimately defeated at the Battle of Zama.

  Reveal Answer

  Hannibal
  Page: 240-42

  Octavian was judicious about his selection of titles and honors given to him by the Roman Senate and people. For example, he was awarded the title of __________, or “First Citizen of Rome.”

  Reveal Answer

  Princeps
  Page: 255

  The process by which Rome was dragged into conflict by the interests of its allies and new member states can be identified as ______ ___________.

  Reveal Answer

  defensive imperialism
  Page: 240

  Though the Roman army began as a hoplite phalanx, during the course of the fourth century BC, it adapted to a more maneuverable formation known as the ________ _______.

  Reveal Answer

  Manipular Legion
  Page: 246

  Two weapons the Roman military adapted to were the ________ ______ and ________ ________ ________.

  Reveal Answer

  throwing spear (pilum); short Spanish swords (gladius)
  Page: 247

  The First Civil War (88-“82 BC) marked the gradual transference of soldiers’ loyalties from the ___________ ____________ to their ____________ ____________.

  Reveal Answer

  Republican institutions; commanding officers
  Page: 252

  Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar made up the _____ _________.

  Reveal Answer

  First Triumvirate
  Page: 252

  Augustus brought accountability to the Roman __________ _________ by ceasing civil wars, military requisitions, and tax abuses in the provinces.

  Reveal Answer

  provincial rule
  Page: 255

• Chapter 11

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  By 376 AD, the Visigoths residing on the Danube border requested sanctuary inside the Roman frontier and were allowed in. They were settled on land taken from Roman inhabitants as ________ in an attempt to buttress Roman defenses.

  Reveal Answer

  dediticii
  Page: 268

  During the Pax Romana, _________ experienced greater personal and sexual autonomy; they worked publicly as lawyers, doctors, philosophers, rhetoricians, and teachers. They engaged in marriages of convenience to better control their personal assets and social freedom.

  Reveal Answer

  women
  Page: 261-62

  Although he was able to enact legislation and to maintain order for a large and diverse population, Augustus failed to address the problem of a suitable mechanism for ___________.

  Reveal Answer

  succession
  Page: 258

  After the death of Commodus in 192 AD, the military commander ________ _________ successfully claimed leadership of Rome.

  Reveal Answer

  Septimius Severus
  Page: 264-65

  During the interval of the Barrack Emperors, the stability of the empire was threatened by civil wars, ________ ___________ along the northern lines, the secession of border provinces, and mounting pressure by the Sassanids in the east.

  Reveal Answer

  Germanic invasions
  Page: 265

  At the time of Constantine’s rule, it is estimated that Christians represented a relatively low ____ per cent of the Mediterranean population.

  Reveal Answer

  10
  Page: 267

  Short-Answer Questions

  How did the Pax Romana affect different elements of the population?

  Reveal Answer

  The Pax Romana brought peace, population growth, trade, and greater female autonomy. However, the Jewish population was mistreated, slavery was common, there were difficulties in Gaul and Britain, and wealth accumulating to the top tiers meant diminishing social mobility for those below.
  Page: 261-62

  What prompted Diocletian to move his palace first to Milan, then to Bithynia?

  Reveal Answer

  Diocletian moved court because Rome was too removed from the areas of most pressing concern. He moved to Milan to use it as a staging ground to respond to Germanic threats. The move to Bithynia was in order to deal with a renewed Sassanid threat in the east. Ultimately, he created a tetrarchy of four emperors to manage threats to distant parts of the empire.
  Page: 266

  What two rights did Constantine’s edicts in 313 AD extend to Christians?

  Reveal Answer

  The Edict of Toleration and the Edict of Milan, both issued in 313 AD, allowed Christians to practice their faith publicly and gave the church itself the right to acquire property.
  Page: 267

  Rome was essentially a primitive agricultural society. According to the generally accepted arguments, how did this contribute to the fall of Rome?

  Reveal Answer

  The cost of maintaining a large military proved excessively burdensome to Rome’s economy. The need for greater military vigilance throughout the empire forced Rome to expand its military, which expanded the associated costs. Other factors, such as farmers abandoning their land, also contributed to eventual economic failure.
  Page: 270

• Conclusion

  Fill-in-the-Blank

  Natural adaptive cycles progress through four _______ _________: rapid growth, conservation, release, and reorganization.

  Reveal Answer

  visible states
  Page: 282

  The eastern half of the Roman Mediterranean where most of the productive capacity of the empire was situated was able to sustain itself relatively intact as the _________ ____________ for several hundred years.

  Reveal Answer

  Byzantine Empire
  Page: 276

  Although Tainter’s interpretation tends to focus inordinately on the role of central authority or governing institutions in the process of collapse, the model of _________ _________ _______ does seem to furnish crucial insight to the patterns of collapse that occurred in the Mediterranean, India, and China.

  Reveal Answer

  declining marginal returns
  Page: 280

  A characteristic pattern in the natural adaptive cycle is that of ________ _______ and _________ _______. The first is characterized by the accumulation of capital stability, conservation, and rising standards of living; the second is characterized by sudden collapse and a release of resources.

  Reveal Answer

  fore loop and back loop
  Page: 282

Questions for Reflection

• Part I. Emerging Civilizations: The Bronze Age

  1. Discuss the pros and cons of relying on archaeological versus textual evidence to reconstruct the history of ancient civilizations. What are the strengths of each type of evidence? What are the weaknesses or limitations? Why do we need to use both to investigate “literate” societies?

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  2. Discuss the key components of ancient religion and apply them to one of the following religious worldviews: The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Osiris cult, or the Hebrew God of Moses. More specifically, how did people communicate with the god(s) in this worldview?

• Part II. Civilizations in Flux: The Classical/Early Iron Age

  1. List the seven criteria for the rise of civilizations and apply at least six of them to one of the following cultures: Agamemnon’s Mycenae, Solomon’s Israel, or Akhenaton’s Egypt. When possible give a specific name to the criterion in question, for example, the name of a large urban center.

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  2. Discuss trends in the development of Greek intellectual thought from the Archaic Age to the Hellenistic Era. What principal intellectual skills were developed, and how did philosophical ideas change over time? In your discussion, mention of at least four of the following: Pythagoras, Sophocles, Anaxagoras, Socrates, Aristotle, Epicurus, or Zeno. Alternatively, focus on the question how does a just person live a just life in an unjust world? Discuss how four of the above philosophers would answer this question.

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  3. Consider how the developments of Greek warfare reflect the contrasting tendencies between Particularism and Panhellenism. Discuss either the period from 490–323 BC, or from the Persian Wars to the Conquest of Alexander the Great.

• Part III. The Roman Era and Wider Societal Collapse

  1. Apply the seven criteria of classical civilizations to the Han Dynasty of China or the Roman Empire. Provide a representative assemblage of the remains and monuments of that culture.

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